Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 62

Discussion - Assignment Example Organizations are more willing to listen to the grievances raised by unions and protect their members against intimidation by their employers. Since companies rarely win against claims raised by union, they pay their employees according to the market rate or standards determined by the workers unions to avoid conflicts such as strikes that may sterilize operations of the organizations. Unionization contributes to about 13% increase in nurse wages. Also, according to Edwin & Trevor (2011, p. 16) there is a â€Å"strong correlation between the presence of unions and overall wages for nurses.† Unions benefits to the patients in terms of quality of services they get from the nurses. According to Edwin & Trevor (2011, p. 16), unions enhances self-esteem of the nurses, promotes interaction of nurses in the organization and improves the employees confidence resulting to better quality of services the patients receives from the nurses. The study indicates lower mortality rate for patients with â€Å"acute myocardial infarction† in unionized hospitals than less unionized areas (Edwin & Trevor, 2011). Since unions attract more nurses unionized, hospitals have a higher number of nurses per patient than those less-unionized hospitals. Higher nurse-patient ratio result to increase in quality of care the patients receives in the hospital (Lovell,

Characterization in William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” Essay Example for Free

Characterization in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"Macbeth† Essay William Shakespeare is regarded by many as one, if not the greatest writer of all time. It is interesting to note that his success is due to his tragedies. â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"Macbeth† are two of his best known work. Both titles deal with the tragedy of aristocratic people. Though, it appears that Shakespeare is fond of representing only one part of the society, he is actually talking about a very human flaw. Through the characters of his protagonists Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare is suggesting that the real tragedy is found within one’s self. Initially, Shakespeare had characterized Macbeth as a brave warrior. The wounded captain tells the audience that Macbeth was wounded in the battlefield, suggesting that he had fought bravely. But as the plot progresses, the audience discovers that he is less admirable. This is immediately noticeable when Macbeth had met the witches. The witches told them that Macbeth would be the thane of Cawdor. Although, Macbeth says he does not want to think of the prophecy because the thane of Cawdor is still alive, he seems to ponder on the thought, â€Å"the thane of Cawdor lives: why do you dress me in Borrow’d robes?† There is a hint of irony in Macbeth words. It is like he wants to be thane of Cawdor but says he does not. Aside from mere false modesty, the audience would learn that Macbeth harbors within himself some self-doubt. If it was not for Lady Macbeth, Macbeth could have not done anything that he is certain he wants to do. On the other hand, Hamlet seems to be a more flawed character than Macbeth. He is constantly thinking about how to kill Claudius and exact revenge for his father. However, when he got his first chance to kill Claudius, he made a pass on the chance to do so. When Hamlet caught Claudius in prayer, he did not kill Claudius be cause he thought his father’s murderer might go to heaven. Perhaps a helpful quote to use is the famous â€Å"to be or not to be? † That line is a succinct description for Hamlet as he always contradicts himself. Shakespeare’s talent for being able to describe the complexity of the human brain, had made his works classics. Shakespeare seems to be more fond of the flaws of the thought process rather than physical flaws. That is in opposition to earlier works by other authors such as Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist has a deformed foot. Shakespeare’s protagonists are most of the time described as well-to-do. Both Hamlet and Macbeth are even admirable in the initial portions of their respective stories. But Shakespeare reveals that their flaws is on how they think. With Hamlet and Macbeth always contradicting themselves, a tragic conclusion seems inevitable. But their real tragedy is not because one would go insane and the other would be mortally wounded. Hamlet and Macbeth’s tragedy is that they themselves are the antagonists to their respective goals.

The Police and Crime

The Police and Crime History of Criminal Investigation: The investigation of crime involves the study of various facts and findings, with the intention of finding whether an individual is guilty or not, for an offence. This process involves the use of a variety of techniques, which includes interviews, interrogations, forensic analysis, etc (Fisher Fisher, 2012). The investigation of crime is a concept that has a long history, and the function of detectives was able to develop gradually. However, it is important to explain that, it is the CID who had the responsibility of investigating crime. This was a specialized unit, responsible for investigating crime, and could be found in all police stations in the United Kingdom (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). However, the powers of investigators were ambiguous. This is because there wasn’t any law that was able to spell out the role of investigators, and the rights of the people under investigation (Rossmo and Summers, 2015). This was a major challenge to the investigatory process, basically because the detectives could breach on the rights of people, because of the absence of a clear guideline on how to investigate (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). Furthermore, investigators had very limited training. This had an impact of negatively affecting the efficiency of their investigations, hence the results. It is because of these limited training, that the status of investigatory officers was able to rise up very slowly. Organizational Processes: Crown Prosecution Service: Until 1984, it was the police department that was in charge of the investigation of criminal activities. The introduction of the 1984, law of Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) is significant, because it was able to identify the role of the police officers, and the rights that the public had. This is with the intention of protecting the citizens from abuses by the police. Until 1986, it is the police who were responsible for investigating crime, and prosecuting crime. However, this responsibility and duties changed in the year 1986. This is basically because of the emergence of the Crown Prosecution Office. This came into being with the enactment of the 1985 Prosecution Offences Act. The Crown Prosecution Office has the responsibility of prosecuting every criminal charge, brought against an individual (Newburn, 2012). This office is very important because it ensures that the police would not be the prosecutors, as well as the investigators of a criminal offence. This helps in protecting the citizens from abuses by police officers, who may carry out inadequate investigation, and press charges with limited evidence (Carr-Hill Stern, 2014). The impact of this situation is that the police officers may prosecute an innocent person, or they may fail to get justice to the victim, because of the inability of successful prosecuting the case, leading to a conviction. The Crown Prosecution Service is therefore important, basically because it would ensure that the quality of investigation is high, and cases are brought to the courts, if there is sufficient evidence warranting their prosecution (Baker, 2013). This has therefore helped in solving issues pertaining to poor investigation of an offence. Volume Crimes: In as much as there is the existence of the crown prosecution service, it is very difficult to solve and investigate volume crimes (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). These are the majority of offences that are committed in England and Wales. These criminal activities are very difficult to solve, hence on most occasions, their victims normally do not get justice. Because of their large number, the criminal department is overwhelmed in investigating these criminal activities. This means that there are no enough personnel who can help in investigating these criminal activities. This is a major challenge facing investigators (Lister, 2013). To solve on this situation, there is a need of hiring more personnel, and training them on the best methods of investigating this type of crime. Serious Crimes The investigation of serious crimes is also has challenges. The CID has a monopoly in this area, and it makes it difficult for other organs of the police force to demand for accountability in the manner which these criminal activities are investigated. Furthermore, the media has portrayed the investigation of these types of offences as glorious, and this limits the effectiveness of investigators. An example is the Sherlock Holmes series of investigations, where the media glorifies the activities of detective Holmes (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). This is a misconception portrayed by the media. Risk Factors: Furthermore, the quality of investigation is affected by the risks that are placed on police officers to perform. This is in circumstances when there is a public outcry on the rise of insecurity in certain areas of the country. Too much pressure has the capability of affecting the quality of an investigation (Griffiths, 2014). There is also too much reliance on interviews and this is a challenge because people may lie while being interviewed. Furthermore, it is possible to categorize such kinds of evidence as hearsay by the courts. This means that they will not be admissible (Kassin et al, 2014). Investigators, also have a close relationship with criminals. This is basically because it is difficult to crack an underground crime organization without the help of criminals’ officers. This is unethical practice, because it is wrong to associate with people, that they are tasked to fight against. Detection Rates: Detection rates also present a challenge to investigation of crime. This refers to the criminal activities that have been successfully solved. This is always a political process, and the judges and the courts may be influenced. This is based on the perception of the society. Forensic Science and the Media: The emergence of the media has played a role in blurring reality, with fiction. This means that it has an influence in making some fictional activities to be reality, hence affecting the quality of investigation. Take for example, the investigative ability of Sherlock Holmes. He is a fictional character, depicted as being highly talented. Some of his skills are not realistic, and cannot be implemented. Furthermore, lack of high quality technologies plays a role in limiting the results of investigation. Debate arises in the United Kingdom, on the need of reviewing some cases that were prosecuted in 1980s, and early 1990s, with the use of technology, for purposes of solving them. Furthermore, because of inadequate skills, there is poor use of forensic technology, for purposes of determining the real culprit of a criminal offence. Poor communication of its use is also a factor affecting the quality of investigations. Conclusion There are a lot of challenges facing the investigations of criminal offences. As discussed earlier, one of the crimes that police are unable to investigate adequately are voluminous crimes. This is because of the lack of enough personnel, who can investigate these criminal activities. Furthermore, the monopoly of the CID over serious crimes makes it to be unaccountable to any policing department. In as much as these challenges exist, with proper reforms and policies, there is a possibility of overcoming them. Bibliography: BAKER, S. (2013). Has the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners provided accountability to local people?: a Case Study in Hampshire and IOW. BEAUREGARD, E., MARTINEAU, M. (2014). No body, no crime? The role of forensic awareness in avoiding police detection in cases of sexual homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 213-220. CARR-HILL, R. A., STERN, N. H. (2014). Crime, the police and criminal statistics: an analysis of official statistics for England and Wales using econometric methods. Academic Press. FISHER, B. A., FISHER, D. R. (2012). Techniques of crime scene investigation. CRC Press. GRIFFITHS, A. G. F. (2014). Mysteries of police and crime. Arthur George Frederick Griffiths. KASSIN, S. M., KUKUCKA, J., LAWSON, V. Z., DECARLO, J. (2014). Does video recording alter the behavior of police during interrogation? A mock crime-and- investigation study. Law and human behavior, 38(1), 73. LISTER, S. (2013). The new politics of the police: police and crime commissioners and the ‘operational independence’of the police. Policing, 7(3), 239-247. NEWBURN, T. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of policing. Routledge. ROSSMO, D. K., SUMMERS, L. (2015). Routine Activity Theory in Crime Investigation. The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory, 19. TAYLOR, R. W., FRITSCH, E. J., LIEDERBACH, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press.

Food and Sports Essay examples -- Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essay

Food and Sports    Billions of people around the world enjoy playing or watching sports as a great recreational activity. The object of almost any sport is to be the best at something. To be the best, an athlete must practice and train and consistently perform at the highest level possible. An athlete must push the body to the limit. If an athlete is to gain the best possible results from training and practice, the value of food and well balanced diet is of the utmost importance.    Food becomes the main component of the human body. Even as food is being savored, it is meeting nutritional needs. Every humans life relies on food to provide daily energy. Food is the tissue in bodies, and is the regulator of metabolic functions. Food is directly related to sports. Sports burn energy, and are impossible without bodily tissue. Sports rely on metabolism to keep the body moving. Food provides every organism with the means to live. While people understand the importance of eating, people do not understand the importance of what is eaten. Six kinds of nutrients are essential to all body systems. The six classes are water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Most anyone, who swallows food throughout the day, has these kinds of nutrients; however, most people ingest them in the wrong amounts or with excess food that is useless.    Water is the most important of all the nutrients. An athlete depends on water. Water is necessary for all energy production in the body, temperature control, and elimination of the by-products of respiration. Water is essential, for without it energy production and endurance are limited.    Minerals and vitamins are other nutrients that ... ... from the grain group, and the fruit and vegetable group. These servings will provide all the necessary nutrients for an average person, but this diet will not meet the energy needs of an active athlete. An athlete can do a number of things for excess energy. Most athletes simply increase the plan by adding second or third helpings or by eating extra large servings. The athlete must use caution with excess animal fats; however. Water is perhaps the most important part of the diet. For a moderately active person three quarts of water are required. An athlete must have regular water drinking habits. Milk and soft drinks are not viable substitutes. If an athlete abides by a well balanced diet, only the amount of effort put out by the athlete will determine the level play.    Smith, N. J. (1976). Food and sport. Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing Company. Food and Sports Essay examples -- Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essay Food and Sports    Billions of people around the world enjoy playing or watching sports as a great recreational activity. The object of almost any sport is to be the best at something. To be the best, an athlete must practice and train and consistently perform at the highest level possible. An athlete must push the body to the limit. If an athlete is to gain the best possible results from training and practice, the value of food and well balanced diet is of the utmost importance.    Food becomes the main component of the human body. Even as food is being savored, it is meeting nutritional needs. Every humans life relies on food to provide daily energy. Food is the tissue in bodies, and is the regulator of metabolic functions. Food is directly related to sports. Sports burn energy, and are impossible without bodily tissue. Sports rely on metabolism to keep the body moving. Food provides every organism with the means to live. While people understand the importance of eating, people do not understand the importance of what is eaten. Six kinds of nutrients are essential to all body systems. The six classes are water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Most anyone, who swallows food throughout the day, has these kinds of nutrients; however, most people ingest them in the wrong amounts or with excess food that is useless.    Water is the most important of all the nutrients. An athlete depends on water. Water is necessary for all energy production in the body, temperature control, and elimination of the by-products of respiration. Water is essential, for without it energy production and endurance are limited.    Minerals and vitamins are other nutrients that ... ... from the grain group, and the fruit and vegetable group. These servings will provide all the necessary nutrients for an average person, but this diet will not meet the energy needs of an active athlete. An athlete can do a number of things for excess energy. Most athletes simply increase the plan by adding second or third helpings or by eating extra large servings. The athlete must use caution with excess animal fats; however. Water is perhaps the most important part of the diet. For a moderately active person three quarts of water are required. An athlete must have regular water drinking habits. Milk and soft drinks are not viable substitutes. If an athlete abides by a well balanced diet, only the amount of effort put out by the athlete will determine the level play.    Smith, N. J. (1976). Food and sport. Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing Company.

Shakespeares Hamlet †The Character Laertes :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet – the Character Laertes      Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"The World of Hamlet† Maynard Mack describes the interference of a possessive Polonius in the life of his son, Laertes:    â€Å"The apparel of proclaims the man,† Polonius assures Laertes, cataloging maxims in the young man’s ear as he is about to leave for Paris. Oft, but not always. And so he sends his man Reynaldo to look into Laertes’ life there – even, if need be, to put a false dress of accusation upon his son (â€Å"What forgeries you please†), the better by indirections to find directions out (250).    Mack describes one of the lesser problems in life which Laertes must deal with. The son of Polonius and brother of Ophelia, Shakespeare’s Laertes must suffer the demise of both father and sister during the course of Hamlet. Helen Gardner, by way of overview, compares Laertes to Hamlet and King Claudius in â€Å"Hamlet and the Tragedy of Revenge†:    Hamlet’s agony of mind and indecision are precisely the things which differentiate him from the smooth, swift plotter Claudius, and from the coarse, unthinking Laertes, ready to â€Å"dare damnation† and cut his enemy’s throat in a churchyard. (222)    Laertes makes his appearance in the drama after Marcellus, Barnardo and Horatio have already seen the Ghost and have trifled with it in an effort to prompt it to communicate with them. Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† to Hamlet I’s wife less than two month’s after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). After this scene, Laertes is one of many in attendance at a post-coronation social gathering of the court at Elsinore. Laertes, like Fortinbras a rival of Hamlet (Kermode 1138), comes with his father, Polonius, who manipulates both him and his sister (Boklund 122).G. Wilson Knight says, â€Å"Instinctively the creatures of earth—Laertes, Polonius, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, league themselves with Claudius: they are of his kind† (N. pag.). Claudius insincerely pays tribute to the memory of his own deceased brother, the former king, and then conducts some items of business, for example dispatching Cornelius and Voltemand to Norway to settle the Fortinbras affair. Laertes has meanwhile approached the king, who asks, â€Å"And now, Laertes, what's the news with you? / You told us of some suit; what is't, Laertes?† Laertes responds:

General Structure of Comedy and the Importance of Being Earnest by Osca

General Structure of Comedy and the Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde GeneralStructure of Comedy: * Things start out badly and end well * The deeper aim is broadly social: the kingdom or other city space is at first badly ruled or in turmoil for some reason--perhaps the values and institutions of the citizens and/or rulers are in need of some re-examination. * Next, the main characters leave (willingly or otherwise) the city setting and wind up in the countryside, in a pastoral setting. This setting allows for the necessary re-examination of values and social roles. * Magical transformations of characters occur; they are put in situations that could not occur in the city or the kingdom; the forest or countryside's magic opens up new possibilities to them. * After this reappraisal and readjustment period has been completed, the main characters come together--the young by marriage, the foundational institution of the civil order and its only hope for regeneration. * Finally, the characters return to the "kingdom" proper or are about to return when the play ends. Comedy of Manners: This kind of comedy is the one that best describes The Importance of Being Earnest. English comedies deal with "the relations and intrigues of men and women living in a polished and sophisticated society, relying for comic effect in great part on the wit and sparkle of the dialogue--often in the form of repartee, a witty conversational give-and-take which constitutes a kind of verbal fencing match--and to a lesser degree, on the ridiculous violations of social conventions and decorum by stupid characters such as would-be-wits, jealous husbands, and foppish dandies." The Impor... ...y ideal to love someone by the name of Ernest." One view among critics is that Wilde is saying that marriage based on class by birthright is no less stupid that marriage based on something else a baby cannot control: say, his name. In the play many other examples occur of things that cannot be controlled but people act as if they could be: "Some aunts are tall, some aunts are not tall. That is surely a matter that an aunt may be allowed to decide for herself." "I think it is high time that Mr Bunbury made up his mind whether he was to live or die." The play also trivialises other things, like religion, death, customs and manners, etc. For instance, when Algy tells his Aunt Augusta that his friend Bunbury died when his doctors told him he could not possibly live, her only concern is that he acted under the proper medical advice of his physician.

Five Pillars of Islam

According to teachings and beliefs of Islam, the mission is to reform society, making it moral and good. In the traditional practices of Islam, as a child one is taught to memorize the Qur’an. It is said that as one gets older the power of these words helps them in shaping their lives. The Qur’an teaches that there is only God that should be prayed and worshipped to. There belief is also that when humans wrote down some of God’s original messages the true message was somehow altered and not written correctly. A chant, which is the first thing that infant hears is whispered â€Å"La ilaha ill-Allah Muhammad-un Rasulu-llah† which means (â€Å"There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God†). Islam teaches that Muhammad was God’s messenger hear on earth. Muhammad is said to be the true deliverer, because his scriptures were direct from God. The Qur’an is said to be authentic, the words that God said have not be been changed, but are direct and not translated. One can only find peace and harmony if they believe and surrender to Allah (God). There are two major sins according to Islam. One is called shirk, it means to only worship one God. The other kufr, to be ungrateful to God, or atheist. Islam teaches that one must be fearful and love God. The unseen life show’s that Muslims believe in angels of God, here on earth with specific responsibilities, some recording our every deed. There is also the belief in the after life and hell. The Five Pillars of Islam are considered God’s commandments. The beliefs of Muslims are reflected in these Pillars. The first Pillar, the Shahadah, is believing and professing the unity of God and the messengership of Muhammad. Secondly, it is required that one prays five times per day, facing Mecca. Thirdly, the zakat, which is the donation of at leas two and a half percent of one’s yearly accumulated wealth. Fourth, is fasting, and finally the firth Pillar is hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, which is expected of every Muslim at least once in their lifetime, performing traditional rituals and practices. Following these commandments are required of all that practice the Islamic religion, paying homage to God. These help to bring one closer to God and all his glory.