A better representation of the network Essay Example for Free

A better representation of the network EssayCentralization sums up my primary reason for implementing dynamic Directory. The expeditious Directory structure makes it workable for you to achieve truly centralized management of users, regardless of how volumed your clients network has become. If youve worked with Windows NT before, you know that in Windows NT a reality is a completely independent entity. While its possible to create a trust relationship between demesnes that exist on a common network, the knowledge domains ar never truly integrated with to each one opposite because there is no higher leave that manages the domains. The situation is different with Active Directory. Whereas the domain take was the highest level of abstraction in Windows NT, the highest level of abstraction in Windows 2000 and 2003 Server is the forest, which is fundamentally a collection of domains.Microsoft chose to call this unit a forest because you can step to the fore domains into the forest, and you can place absolute trees of domains into it. A domain tree consists of a parent, child, grandchildren, and great grandchildren domains. You can bring on as many layers of subdomains within a domain tree as is necessary to achieve the desired organizational structure. The Active Directory domain structure is handy to have whether your clients network is big or small.See more Old Age Problem essayAs you whitethorn recall, in Windows NT, each domain had its own Administrator account and its own Domain Admin group that was responsible for managing that domain. In Windows 2000 and 2003 Server, the domain Administrator account and the Domain Admin group still exist and can be apply the same way that you were used to using them in Windows NT. There is also an Enterprise Admin group. Members of this group can manage any object within the entire Active Directory, regardless of what domain it exists within.Managing trust relationshipsThe first time that someone tried explaining the concept of parent and child domains, forests, and trees to me, my head was spinning. All I could take about was that managing trust relationships for an organization that made use of all of these structures must be a real chore. However, managing trust relationships in Windows 2000 and 2003 Server is much easier than in WindowsNT because there are essentially no trusts to manage. Within a forest, every domain trusts every other domain automatically. The only time youd truly have to worry about managing trust relationships would be if you had a relationship between domains residing within different forests.The only time that you would likely have to set up an interforest relationship would be if you needed to set up a trust relationship with a domain in another companys network. These compound management capabilities make Windows 2000 and 2003 Server more scalable than Windows NT. This is especially true for larger organizations. Windows NT has a set of about 40,00 0 objects within a domain. Windows 2000 Server expands this limit to over 10 million objects. I have not yet seen the object limit figures for Windows 2003 Server, but Im sure that its possible to have over 10 million objects.Organizational units improve scalabilityAnother way that Active Directory improves scalability in large organizations is through the use of organizational units (OUs). An OU is basically a collection of users and computers. The idea is that if you have a large domain, you can organize the domain into OUs. For example, suppose that your clients company used one large domain that spanned the entire corporation. Normally, this would mean that the administrative team would be responsible for managing the entire domain and all of the objects within it. Now imagine that your clients company has a really large finance department and that the finance departments depositary is good with computers. You could create an OU named FINANCE and move all of the user accounts a nd computer objects for the finance department into this OU.After doing so, you could delegate the authority to reset passwords for this OU to the finance secretary. When someone in finance needed a password reset, they wouldnt have to get across the help desk they could just ask the secretary. This would give the department faster turnaround on password resets and free the help desk from some of the administrative burden. When you delegate authority to an OU, the person that youre delegating control to only has the permissions that you allow and only for that OU.Therefore, the secretary in finance wouldnt be able to reset passwords for the rest of the company. The secretary also would not be able to perform any other administrative tasks within the OU, unless, of course, you delegated additional permissions. If you like theidea of delegating authority, youll be contented to know that you can also delegate authority to create, delete, or manage user accounts or groups within the O U.Multimaster replication and sitesAnother cool benefit of an Active Directory environment is the concept of sites and multimaster replication. In Windows NT, when you make a reposition to the SAM, the change is applied directly to the PDC and is later replicated to each BDC. In an Active Directory multimaster replication environment, each domain controller contains a copy of Active Directory, not just the information for a single domain. Therefore, when a change is made to Active Directory, the change is applied to whatever domain controller is the closest, and is then replicated to the remaining domain controllers. This prevents a designated PDC from being overburdened. You can really see the benefits of multimaster replication when you consider how sites work. Sites are a logical Active Directory structure completely independent from domains.The idea is that if part of a domain is connected by a slow link, you may designate each side of the link as a separate site. Each site ha s its own domain controller. Therefore, when someone within a site needs to make an Active Directory update, the updates are applied to the domain controller within the site. The changes are collected and then replicated to the domain controller on the other side of the site link at preset intervals. This domain controller is known as a bridgehead server. Its the bridgehead servers job to intercept the updates and replicate them to the remaining domain controllers. Sites can be a little complicated to understand, but the basic idea is that they greatly strike the amount of traffic that must flow across your slow or high-cost network links.

Falling from Grace Essay Example for Free

Falling from Grace EssayThe novel Falling from Grace is about a young girl who disappears at the land. Many people feel responsible for her disappearance such as Andrew, her father Annie, her sister and Kip, who gets tangled Into the chaos. Family members Andrew and Annie feel that It was their certificate of indebtedness to take better care of Grace. Major characters who became Involved Andrew her father feels the ultimate responsibility for Grace. He said it was alright for them to play one more support of trackers on the beach in the middle of the night. He gets a call from Kip explaining that he found the phone in a bag that was washed in and claims he saw them in the distance.Annie Graces sister was with Grace when she fell into the sea. Grace saw a penguin in the irrigate and said she must prevent it, so they did. Then the tide came in and they couldnt go back the way they came, so they had to climb up a small cliff. While Grace was climbing, her backpack fell off , containing the penguin. Then the rock Grace was holding onto fell with some of the cliff so she fell Into the water. Kip Kip was walking to the beach when he saw a backpack In the water. He found a phone Inside and It started ringing. Of course, he answered It and when KIP said hello the populace answered with a bunch of questions bout his daughters.KIP replied that he found the phone In a backpack and saw his girls around the cliffs. Then Kip meets the Ted character, a strange man who shares Kips love of music. Ted offers Kip a coke which Ted jokes might be Gulf War coke. Ted Ted is a strange man who has little and a lot to do with the plot line he meets Kip at the start in the rain. Ted cuts his foot on a bottle in the water and Kip helps him stop the bleeding. At the end we discover that Ted whilst he was very drunk found Grace and left her in a cave hardly he doesnt remember where. But he did leave his coat behind which probably saved her life.

Young Mania Rating Scale

Young delirium place ScaleThe Young craziness rate Scale (Young et al. 1978) is comprised of 11 events and used to rate symptoms of mania. Seven items stupefy a score range of 0 to 4 while four items have scores ranging from 0 to 8. The total score ranges from 0 to 56 with lower scores even outing fewer symptom and higher scores representing more symptoms. Scores be based on clinician-assessment and self-report by the patient. Young et al. (1978) reported a correlation between raters of 0.93 in 20 subjects based on YMRS. An acceptable internal consistency ( = .80) was demonstrated by Fristad et al. (1995) in 30 participants evaluated on YMRS whereas Youngstrom et al. (2002) reported a high internal consistency ( = .91). Gracious et al. (2002) evaluated a parent version of the YMRS in which the custodial parent in any case completed the rating graduated table and found an acceptable internal consistency ( = .75). The Young Mania military rating Scale also differentiates bip olar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Fristad et al. 1992)YMRS is not ideal to evaluate mixed episode bipolar disorder as depressed irritation is not assessed by this weighing machine. Also, YMRS is partly subjective and it is difficult to obtain a reliable assessment at a time when the thoughts are disordered. Another drawback of this scale is that four items have double rating in it. These four items are irritability, speech (rate and amount), thought content and disruptive-aggressive deportment. Double rating could affect the reliability of the ending assessment.Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Lachar et al. 2001) constitutes 18 items and evaluates mood symptoms, positive symptoms of schizophrenia and general psychopathology symptoms. It involves assessment by a clinician and patient self-report. For each item, score can range from 1 to 7 (severe). Hughes et al. (2001) developed a revised anchored version of the Brief P sychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) which evaluates 21 symptoms. They reported a better inter-rater reliability and good internal consistency ( = .83). The BPRS does not evaluate negative symptoms and a separate dent has to be used to measure the same.Childrens Depression Rating Scale (CDRS)The Childrens Depression Rating Scale (Poznanski et al. 1979, 1983) is comprised of 16 items. It evaluates the mischievousness of depression in children and involves a semi-structured call into question with the patient. A score of 30 and above on the CDRS implies significant depression whereas a score of 20 to 29 is considered borderline. Poznanski et al. (1979) evaluated 30 inpatient children based on CDRS and reported good inter-rater reliability.Childrens spheric Assessment Scale (CGAS)The Childrens Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al. 1983) evaluates the general level of operate in children. This scale is adapted from the Global Assessment Scale (Endicott et al. 1976). The scores on CGAS range from 1 (impaired) to 100 (healthy). Scores above 80 suggest a good level of functioning whereas a score below 10 indicate that the patient needs constant supervision. The authors report that the scale has an inter-rater reliability of 0.95 and a test-retest reliability of 0.85.Child Mania Rating Scale Parent Version (CMRS-P)The Children Mania Rating Scale Parent Version (Pavuluri et al. 2006) is a 21-item rating tool. Scores on each item can range from 0 (never/rarely) to 3 (very often). Higher score on the CMRS-P represents a worse condition. Information is gathered from the parents to screen their children for bipolar disorder. This rating scale also helps in differentiating bipolar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The authors reported an internal consistency and test-retest reliability of 0.96 for this scale.Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (Hamilton. 1959) is a 14-item scale which measures the se verity of anxiety. Scores on each item can range from 0 (not present) to 4 (very severe). Total scores on this scale can range from 0 to 56. A score of below 17 is considered as mild anxiety whereas a score of 25 to 30 and above is considered as moderate to severe anxiety. An inter-rater reliability of 0.89 is reported by the author.Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS)The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (Brooks et al. 2003) consists of 16 items. It assesses the severity of depression in adolescents and involves patient self-report. distributively item on the KADS is scored on a scale of 0 (hardly ever) to 4 (all of the time). Higher scores on the KADS represent worsening of depressive symptomatology. An eleven-item KADS scale and a six-item KADS scale have also been described by the authors. The internal consistency of 16-item, 11-item and 6-item KADS were reported to be 0.82, 0.84 and 0.80 respectively.Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF)The Nisonger Child Behavio r Rating Form (Tasse et al. 1996) evaluates behavioural problems in children and adolescents. The NCBRF constitutes a social competence section and a problem behaviours section. The social competence section of the NCBRF consists of 10 items with scores ranging from 0 (not true) to 3 (always true). Higher score represent better behaviour in the social competence section. Problem behaviour section is comprised of 60 items with scores ranging from 0 (did not occur) to 3 (occurred a lot). Higher scores in the problem behaviour section of the NCBRF represent great behavioural disturbances.Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al. 1989) is a 30-item scale which evaluates positive symptoms, negative symptoms and general psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. Each item has a score ranging from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme) with higher score representing worse functioning. The authors reported good inter-rater reliability and int ernal consistency for this scale.

Poverty and Social Exclusion

Poverty and Social riddancePoverty Social censureIs fond excision just a new end point for need? Discuss.This essay will begin by defining the separate terminologies used within the main text, beginning with the two definitions of poverty moving onto the definition of cordial animadversion, and the reasons the term was introduced, debating the different types of exclusion. The central part of this essay will conclude whether poverty still exist, or has accessible exclusion replaced the term, as a drama for New Labour to gain power? Furtherto a greater extent it will give general facts about poverty within the U.K and the extent to which it is effecting out lifes. Levitas (1998), because it is important to last a basic idea of the type of literature that is available. Levitas (1998) combines most of the literature on hearty exclusion into concise three models Redistri aloneion Discourse (RED), Social consolidation Discourse (SID) and Moral Underclass Discourse (MUD). With these models there is a brief description of the main focuses, beginnings and criticisms. Finally the essay will give an analogy into the birth between the friendly exclusion model and poverty and certain policies that have been put in place to tackle the issues, leaving way for a last conclusion that will sum up the main context of this essay.Poverty has been separated into two main definitions Absolute, which describes a basic income that can provide a sufficient level of primary needs, such as food, water and shelter. It was coined at the end of the 19th century, he devised a basic dietary requirement in 1899, known as the basket of goods, this list of food Rowntree argued was required for a healthy lifestyle. (Rowntree, 1901). The second, relative poverty, this is a vistaing poverty in comparison to the animal(prenominal) possession of others (Townsend, 1971). This definition helps us to measure the gap between the rich and the sad in relation to goods, services and acti vities considered normal by the majority of the populations. This is principally the dominant definition used when measuring poverty. out-of-pocket to the narrowness of the two poverty definitions, it has, along side other inequalities such as race, ethnicity and gender, generated the injustices of social exclusionPoverty Studies have concentrated on lack of access to material resources. The concept of social exclusion provides a framework to look at the social relations to power and control.(Williams and Pillinger, 19966)The contested term social exclusion has said to adapt the inadequate definitions of poverty, realising that other factors such as lack of social, cultural and corporal resources (Howarth and Kenway, 1998 80) also add to the components of poverty. It was mainly introduced as New Labours solution to the reluctance of using the term poverty, as they desired power they considered it necessary to lean away from the negative connotation of the underclass . This footi ng usage has rapidly increased with Britain, partly because of how broad the definition can be. Generally theorists take foreign stances on the exact terminology. Some define social exclusion as a sub-group of the poor, who have not been given as many opportunities and have much been at a disadvantage, while others see it as a less acute but more widely experienced condition than poverty (Howarth and Kenway, 1998 80). An option view differentiates between poverty and social exclusion, adding a multidimensional concept such as deprivation, highlighting the most underprivileged and disadvantages sections of society. Through statistical outline its clear to see that there is links between education and poverty the higher the education which is received is said to directly contribute to the employability of the someone and give an advantage towards working in higher-paid occupations (Duffy, 1998), thus indirectly take uping to better housing, status and inclusion into society. Ba rnes (2002) states that there ar four main groups at risk of being marginalised youths, lone parents, sick/disabled and the retied.Sen (2000) makes a distinction between two different types of exclusion, frontmostly active exclusion, which consists of deliberate policy or action to the denial of social rights. second, passive exclusion, that is mainly focused on social or economical circumstances such as unemployment.However afterwards deciphering definitions of poverty and social exclusion, the next element to this essay is to answer the question what precisely is the relationship between social exclusion and poverty? lister (2004) state that the relationship between social isolation and poverty is particularly important when considering an answer to this question, because as an indicator of lack of integration into solidaristic social networks, social isolation represents the essence of social exclusion within the solidarity paradigm (84)The relationship between social exclu sion and poverty is not always clear, however it is important to fierceness that social exclusion has not replaced poverty as a concept, but rather includes poverty as part of a wider understanding of the process, and thus that social exclusion is not just a new work poverty. Social exclusion has been known to be ambivalent, sometimes is can be set as an effect of poverty, and sometimes as a cause (lister,82)Poverty within the U.K is not only nasty, but also increasing here are some interesting facts about the poverty, and the extent to which it has affected the U.K in 2003/4 one in five of the British population live be impoverished the low income threshold, nearly two times higher that in the late 1970s. Another fact that displays the rise of poverty in the U.K is 6million adults are unable to afford internal clothing. These figures are alarming, and displays how severe and significant the persistent problem of poverty is.However an issue that needs to be addressed is is it re ally feasible to be poor but not socially excluded? All authors that write about social exclusion mention poverty, no one has disputed that it is not a key indicator. Levitas (1998) analyses the literature around the subject, ad provides three key social policies relating to the causes and solutions of social exclusion. She dubs these discourses Redistribution Discourse (RED), Social Integration Discourse (SID) and Moral Underclass Discourse (MUD). The first RED is firmly cogitate with to poverty, it sees social exclusion as both a consequence and cause of poverty, its aims are to tackle poverty and redistribute the wealth, and more recently power. Its solution is mainly focused creating an inclusive society, which is what Lister states, is the antonym of social exclusion. Lister was criticised by Dean and Melrose (1999) who states that they opposite of exclusion is not inclusion but integration (31). SID, a social integrationist discourse, again sees social exclusion as a cause o f poverty, but this time through the means of unemployment. Their solution is to support the unemployed whilst encouraging them to fins work, effectively making sure everyone is economically active. This discourse was criticised for a number of reasons, firstly it did not consider other elements that could lead to social exclusion, as it is possible to be employed but still socially excluded though low income, working long hours and employment segregation (Dean and Melrose, 1999). Secondly it does not actively consider the role of discrimination or prejudice in creating social exclusion (Gallie and Paugam, 2002). Finally MUD (right wing version), which places an increases emphasis on moral and cultural causes of poverty, and the dangerous class, the solution to social exclusion as Levitas states is full employment, with a reduction in benefits and return to traditional family values, in particular reducing the number of lone parents, and never married mothers). Criticised for blamin g socially excluded for their own social exclusion, glossing over structural causes and stress the negative effect of eudaemonia in terms of increasing dependency (Jackson, 1999). However although Levitas has pointed out that all literature implied that social exclusion must have an element of poverty to it, she has been criticised for it is possible to be poor and not socially excluded students are a prime example of this (Oppenhiem, 1998).From Levitas analyse of discourses, it is very clear to see that has not just replaced the term poverty, but has become a complex concept in its own right however there is a familiarity between the two terms. Lister (2004) explored the relationship between poverty and social exclusion via an empirical and conceptual level. Empirical link between the social exclusion and poverty is presented in the form of causal/sequential trajectory. Walker and Parker follow a sequential trajectory of moving from income poverty to social exclusion, involving a simultaneous process of detachment from social institutions(1998 40). Supporting this sequential trajectory is the Council of Europe, who believes that living in rundown areas, underemployment and not supported by the welfare makes poverty sequentially move into socially exclusion. fashion adopts a more qualitative difference, where he argues that primarilysocial exclusion, understood in its core sense, is associated with intense multidimensional disadvantage carrying with it the connotation of separation and permenance, and repents faulting or catastrophic discontinuity in relationships with the rest of society, which is to some considerable degree irreversible (1999, 171 2000)In summary of the sequential/causal poverty, it can lead to social inequality, but also as Sen (2000) points out, it can also go in the opposite direction, social inequality can, in fact, cause poverty and deprivation.Having explored the empirical view it is now move onto the conceptual level, here the issu e centres around the value added that social exclusion adds to poverty (Micklewood, 2002 28). This exploration will begin with a play of scepticism, yen criticises this model because she feels that the sicken truth of the reality of poverty is shielded by the umbrella of social exclusion. Rights and regulation, Room (1995) argues that social exclusion requires a connection to wider society, from which they one can be excluded from. This was dismissed for being to simplistic (Bhalla and Lapeyre, 1999). Social divisions for Williams, FAllows us to look at issues to do with social and cultural injustices generated by inequalities of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, age and disability and the ways these may intersect and be compounded by issues of distribution (1998 15)Fact, the more unequal a society in terms of distribution resources, the more poverty there is in that society, and thus less likely that those at the top of the hierarchy will identify with those at the bed and be s ympathetic to redistributive policies designed to improve the position of the most poor. The most important issue that should be discussed in society about social exclusion and poverty is how are we going to eliminate them? As each concept is said to complement, rather than replace each other, it is able to produce more advised policies at tackling this issue.Since Labour was elected, in 1997 there has been an increasing emphasis on employment as a strategy to decrease social exclusion. usance was encouraged, rather than having to rely on the welfare state to distribute the wealth through policies like tax and benefits (Robinson, 1998). Policies such as Welfare to work and the enforcement of a minimum wage made employment appear more desirable. These policies were created in response to the increasing belief that our society had become too dependant on the welfare state to help supply them with their primary needs.Tony Blair, former British Prime Minister launched a Social Exclusi on Unit (SEU) in celestial latitude 1997 in an effort to tackle poverty and thus social exclusion, as it created the aim joined-up policies for joined-up problems(SEU,20047) overcoming the previous obstacles (Hamworth and Kenway, 1998)In conclusion, social exclusion has not replaced poverty but it does include poverty, however it is important to remember not all poor people are social excluded. The horrible reality is that income inequality and poverty appears as if it is here to stay. There have been many criticisms of the social exclusion as a new concept, because many feel that it will shield away the rough water of reality, and thus will create more problems in the future. However, when considering all the facts poverty may be a cause of social exclusion, however if poverty is linked then indirectly so deprivation. In the case where we alleviate all elements combined to create poverty, then social exclusion will still exist. Due to the multi-dimensional aspect of the definition , sub-cultures are excluded based on other socially constructed issues such as age, ethnicity, race and gender. So until all issues are alleviated, some more drastically than others. Then Britain as a society will continue to exclude certain groups based on many different aspects of their life.(2,067)ReferencesDuffy, K (1998) Combating Social Exclusion and Promoting Social Intergration in the European Union. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive participation Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRHowarth, C and Kenway, P (1998) A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Social Exclusion Indicators. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRMulgan, G (1998) Social Exclusion Joined up solutions to joined up problems. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRRobinson, P (1998) Employment and Social inclusion. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRRowntree, S (1901) Poverty a sphere of Town Life. London NelsonSocial Exclusion Unit (1997) Social exclusion Unit purpose, work priorities and working methods Briefing document. London Cabinet agencyTownsend, P (1979) Poverty in the U.K. London PenguinWilliams, F and Pillinger, J (1996) New Thinking on Social Policies Research into Inequality, Social Exclusion and Poverty. In J, Miller and J Bradshaw (eds) Social Welfare Systems Towards a Research Agenda. Bath Social form _or_ system of government Papers, No.24. Bath Centre for the Analysis of Social Policy

Video summarization techniques

icon summarisation proficiencys1. INTRODUCTIONRecently, the number of photographs has been increased and the ability of individuals to take or/and create digital moving-picture show has been grown at the same measure. So thither is a growing need for boob tube summarisation. Video summarization refers to a outline creation of a video where is has to address three main beliefs. First, the video summary should contain the most authorized scenes and details from the video plainly it should be as short as possible. For example, in soccer game, the summary must contain goals, fouls, scuffles, and some some other important scenes. Second, the video summary should pay off a good continuous union among scenes. It means that the video summary should non show video segments concatenated unneurotic in a blindly agency. Finally, the video summary should not contain any redundancy. In other words, the video summary should entertain a free repetition. However, it is kind of di fficult to achieve that. For instant, it is really common that goals in soccer game be looseness backed many another(prenominal) times during the match which makes it really difficult to distinct amongst the goal and the reply of that goal. As a result, the redundancy give be there for each time the goal been play backed. Video summarization is considered unmatched of the most important features which it makes the search out easier and useful than in the beginning. Also, video summarization is a very important tool where people evict use it to get the main idea and the important scenes without ceremonial occasion the full original video. For example, in any companies which use surveillance video to secure their building, they wish that they trick curb all the important events that happened there. So, in holy coif to achieve that video summarization is the hardly solution. Also, some of the large movie databases such as Internet Movie Database (IMDb) and movie seller s want to pitch softwargon program that can summarize the movies automatically. As a result, companies can save time and afford by using video summarization. There be many techniques that ease up been used recently for video summarization. In this paper, I will address some of most interesting techniques and orders. These techniques atomic number 18 used to summarize video establish on television photographic camera relocation, encounter recording, athletic contests video, surveillance, and presentation. 2. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION BY USING CAMERA MOTION Video summarization found on many orders and one of these regularity actings is based on camera motion. In 1, there are ii methods have been addressed for video summarization. The freshman method is to give an explanation for reservation summary for a given video and the sulphur method is to evaluate that video summary by comparing it with other video summary. In other words, they are trying to create a good video summa ry by evaluating the result based on camera motion. Also in 1, there are three different families have been proposed a video summarization based on camera motion.In 1, the initiative family divides the video instead of strikeing the keyframes by using camera motion. In 2, the moving objects have been recoered by using the camera motion. Therefore, the video summary will be built agree to this spying. For example, the simile of detecting the moving objects is shown in 1. The images on the left are two shots where the object has been marked and on the right side there is a made up background image. There are two modules for object recognition. The first one is segmentation module and the second one is classification module. The exhibit of object recognition is shown in 2. In 3, authors used camera motion to divide the shots into segments and the distributeing of keyframes has been done under 4 different measures. This remains called video snapshot. The dodge Architecture of this technique is shown in 3. There are six steps to create a video snapshot as fol humble1) Clustering the connection between sub-shots which are decomposed of the video. 2) Detecting the sure scenes according to the relationship of the clustering that has been done in the first step.3) Sorting out the sun-shots which are not important to make the number of them is equal or less than the given grid cell number. 4) The grids cells are allocated to dissimilar scenes based on the key events number in each topical scene that has been detected in the second step. 5) In a respectively way, the keyframes sub-shots in each scene are lined up from top to bottom and from left to right in the area that has been assigned to scenes. 6) Besides the black background and the rectangle border box, to guide browsing and enhance visual orderliness, the vertical and the horizontal splitting lines are added to the boundaries of scenes 3.In 4, based on camera motion, shots has been segmented and after that MPEG motion vectors which has the objects and camera motion has been used to key out the motion of each frame and select the keyframes. However, this technique is used more to segment the video than to summarize the video. Authors proposed a method called InsightVideo which is a system where it synopsis and retrieves the video. The system flow for InsightVidoe is shown in 4. InsightVideo system has three divisions. The first one is video feature extracting. The second division is hierarchal video centre table. The get division is progressive video content access. In 1, the second family is focusing on the existing of motion or not. In 5, the shots have been selected first, thuslyce bewilder out whether there is a camera motion or not. On one hand, if there is a camera motion, accordingly the shots are represented by three keyframes. On the other hand, if there is no camera motion, then the shots are represented by one keyframe. In 6, the video summary method used both c amera motion and object motion. So in order to get the video propellent features, authors designed a method to select the segments that contain large motions. The segments with a camera motion provide keyframes which are added to the summary nevertheless these firees are based on simple consideration which influence little information contributed by camera motion 7. In 1, the last family tries to find the similarity between frames and then choosing keyframes according to that similarity. In 8, by scheming the distance between two frames, the similarity has been computed. Therefore, if the distance between two frames is small, it means that they are close to each other in term of content and a few keyframes are selected. The calculating of the similarity between two frames is shown in 5. In 9, it has the same idea of 8 where Fauvet et al determine from the estimation of the possessive motion, the areas between two successive frames which are lost or appear. Then, a cumulative fu nction of surfaces which appear between the first frame of the shot and the current frame is used to determine the keyframes. In 1, a new method has been addressed for video summarization which is based on camera motion and /or on silent camera. Camera motion as authors believe is really important because it carries a lot of interesting information. For instance, to catch the viewers awareness, a travel rapidly in is one of the ways that makes it achievable. Also, a change of location can be shown when there is a translation. As a result, the features of the camera motion have been used to select the keyframes. Indeed, the method has an advantage where it avoids a straight contrast among frames and the classification of camera motion is the only one that is based on. There are two doctrines that the video summary works based on camera motion. The first principle is the recognition of camera motion. In 1, camera motion maculation is based on the recognition of translation, zoom and static camera. The structural design of the system, which is illustrated in 6, has three phases. The first phase is the extraction of motion parameter which by the deterrent example of an affine parametric, it focuses in the estimating of the main motion between two frames in a row. The second phase is consisting of three different phase angles which called the classification of camera motion. In 1, the first stage of the second phase is to change the sample of the motion parameters into values which are symbolic. The second stage is to separate the static frames from the dynamic frames. The last stage is to integrate the dynamic frames temporally. Finally, the third phase is to find out the features by extracting on each segment of the video. In 1, the second principle of summarizing method that is based on camera motion is selecting the keyframes according to camera motions. Moreover, there are three ways to select the keyframes. The first way is to select the keyframes according to the sequence of camera motions as shown in 7. For example,if there are two segments and none of them is static, the first frame of each segment will be selected. However, if there is a static segment, then the first and the end of the motion segment will be selected. The second way to select keyframes is according to camera motion magnitude as illustrated in 8. For example, if there is one segment and that segment is translation and it has low magnitude, then the last frame of the segment will be selected.in other case if the segment has superior magnitude and rectilinear translation, then the first and the last frame will be selected. Also, if a high magnitude and no rectilinear translation have been found in the segment, then the first, middle, and last frame will be selected. Moreover, if there is a zoom segment and it has a low magnitude, then the last frame of that segment will be selected. But if the zoom segment has high magnitude, then the first and the last fr ame will be selected. Finally, the last way is to select the keyframes according to both succession and magnitude of camera motion as shown in 9. In other words, it is simply combining the first and the second ways to one way. 3. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNEQUE USED FOR MEETING RECORDINGS. In 12, fetching a video for a meeting is really important instead of just writing it down in a document. There are many leaks for the information that has been transformed into a written document. It takes a long time to write it down in a document and it loses the accuracy of the information. Also, since it is only a written document, it loses the presence reaction during the meeting. Moreover, it may not cover everything that occurs there, so there might be leaks in the completeness of the meeting for any reason. Therefore, video summarization is really useful for meeting recording and there are many proposed method to achieve that. In 10, a multimodal meeting summarization method has been explai ned and this method includes audio, visual, and speech transcriptions. Also, in this method authors proposed a measure where it can localize the sound and the scale of the audio signal. The illustration of this method according to the localization of the sound, the payoff of audio activities and the transcriptions of speech is shown in 10. Moreover, this method can detect the relations between the presence and the contributor according to the loud speech. In 10, visual activities likewise have been analyzed in order to get a specific event in a video sequence. There is not that much motion in the video sequence for any meeting. For example, when a contributor tries to make a presentation or when people tries to join the meeting. In 11, shows some high motions that occur in a video of a meeting. In 10, the text has been analyzed based on the language compend techniques in this method. This method computed the Frequency-Inverse memorandum Frequency (TF-IDF). In 16, the Frequency -Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) is a well known term which specify in a document, the words that relatively important. In 11, the method that has been used in this paper is really useful only for video browsing and searching by keyframes based representation. In 12, author has proposed a summarization technique for any meeting content by skim the video with the aspect of drug user-determine length. In 12, the method of any meeting surgical operationing is illustrated. The files of audio have been sent to the detection of speech and the brows meeting by the program recorder that includes the identify speaker module. Then, the displayed result has sent by three modules with their data from the brows of meeting front end and the three modules are summarization, emotion and discourse. Finally, the archive of the meeting has accessed. In 13, the method that has been used in this paper is an automatic method that can create video skimming for different types of video such as pres entation video which is kind of similar to meeting recording video. The illustrated of this method process is shown in 13. There are two steps that create a summarization process. The first step is dividing the video into segments, then some features such as visual, audio, and textual are putting unneurotic from the extraction of stream video to assign the scores by using segments. The second step is to collect the segments and then the summary will be created. In 14, instead of playing the content faster, authors created techniques that can save the time by deleting parts of the content. As a result, the summary of this technique can be away shorter than others techniques. In 15, in this paper, authors found out that the analysis of the audio that came together with the analysis of visual is a way better than the skims that comes when they combined the analysis of the audio and uniform sampling. This result came out after authors compared the skimming of a video in three differen t techniques. The first one is the analysis of the audio according to the amplitude of audio and the analysis of the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). The second technique is the analysis of the audio which comes together with the analysis of the image according to face detection, text detection, and camera motion. The last technique is video sequences based on uniform sampling. In 14, the illustration of video skim process is shown.4. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR SPORTS VIDEO. In 17, sports videos have been increasing recently and by video summarization process, people can govern this increasing. There are many researchers have been proposed many techniques to compress sports video by applying video summarization process. In 17, authors have proposed a technique that can example all different kind of users and applications and they called this technique complete sports videos summarization. In 15, the illustration of the hierarchy of sports video base d on plays, breaks, and highlights. The framework of this technique is a combination of plays, breaks, collection of highlights and highlights as it is shown in 15. The definition of each part of the framework is as follow1) Play is a collection of shots where the play does not stop.2) Break is also a collection of shots but play does not run.3) Collection of highlights is a group of highlights.4) Highlight is a collection of shots but they represent events. In 17, play-break sequence ensample is shown in 16 which is considered as a fix model for any sports. In 17, authors described the summarization technique of sports video with a method that can integrate highlights into play-breaks. So, in order to achieve that, we need to know which highlight integrates to whether play or break. For example, in soccer game, if there is a foul then the play will stop and then there will be an old highlight playing during the foul and before the play resumes. In 17, the illustration of the inte gration in soccer game of highlight into play-break is shown. However, this model is easy to be modified for any other sport so it is not only suitable for soccer. In 17, there are three different detection models. The first one is play-break detection and in this detection the camera views classification can be used to detect the play-break transitions. The second model is highlights detection and in this model the detection of highlights is based on the slow-motion replay scenes. The advantage of this way is that slow-motion replay is used to represent any interesting scene. However, the disadvantage of this way is that sometimes there will be no slow-motion replay for some reason after interesting scenes. As a result, we will miss that event and some interesting events will be ignored. Finally, the last model is text detection. During any sport, there will be after any interesting events a text displayed on the screen so this model is particularise to detect this text. For most sports videos, the text that displayed will be in a horizontal way. So authors used this idea to detect the text displayed. However, if the text is not displayed in a horizontal way, then their technique will not work. In 18, a content-based video summarization technique for large archives in video sports has been proposed by the authors. Also, authors used metadata which is the content, quality, condition, and semantic information that have been explained by the data. In 18, the metadata composition has been illustrated. There are five different parts of information for each scene unit type, classification, players, events, and the time of media. In 18, authors have proposed a technique that makes a summary by using metadata which is based on play scenes ranking. This method has two main parts. The first part is the selection of play scene which is consists of two sections, play scenes significance and the highlights selection. Play scenes significance based on three components, t he ranks play, the occurrence time of play, and the replays number. The second section is highlights selection where authors explained the creation of a video summary according to the play scenes significance. The second part of that method is visualization. There are two types of visualization. First, video clip where the user can select the length of the video summary based on the time that user want. Two methods are proposed by the authors to choose the significance play scenes, greedy method and play-cut method. The second part of visualization is the poster of the video where authors proposed a system that is visually spatial and presents keyframes of the image. Each image keyframes can symbolize a scene in the summary. Authors illustrate their system interface in 19. In 19.a, in each row there are important scenes represented by keyframes. In 19.b, in each row symbolize an inning of the game. In 19.c, at-bats are symbolized in each row. In 19.d, plays are represented in each r ow. In 19, extracting highlights method has been proposed by the author for a sport TV broadcast. The approach of domain specific and generic for this method has been illustrated in 20. Author models the excitement according to his approach in 20 where he model the effect of three low level characteristics on the excitement for the users. The first characteristic is the overall motion activity measured at frame transition 20. The second characteristic is the stringency of cuts 20. And the last characteristic is the energy contained in the audio track of a video 20. The time curves of the three characteristics on the excitement are shown in 21. In 21, authors have proposed sports video technique where they can combine highlights and play break scenes. Researchers have identified that each type of sports have a typical and inevitable temporal structure, recurrent events, consistent features and fixed number of views 22. In 21, authors said that to create highlights there is one a pproach is to optimize the visual characteristics based on their use. For example, in 23, authors generated the highlights for a soccer game according to penalty, midfield, in between midfield, corner kick, and shot at goal. On the other hand, in 24, authors generated the highlights of a hoops game according to left- right- fast-break, dunk, and close up shots. In 21, on one hand it is very efficient to summarize the sports video without the breaks scenes because spectators will focus only in the important events. On the other hand, the break scenes sometimes contain some really important events that it will not be displayed in the highlights that do not include break scenes. For instance, during any free kick, teams are trying to put a plan to manage their teams whether they are offensive or defensive. Also, sometimes the most important scenes occur between play scenes and break scenes. In 22, the framework of sports video summarization is illustrated. There are three types of det ection that authors proposed, tattle detection, excitement detection, and text displayed detection. In 21, tracking the voice during any sport game is kind of difficult especially when there are noises form military man and background. Nevertheless, authors have found that whistle sound is very different than any other sounds and it is very unique. In 23, the whistle spectrogram is shown where authors found out the digression in sound according to HZ. According to the whistle sound, authors have indicated three different situations that the referee will use his whistle during soccer match as follow1. The start of the match, the end of the match, and the playing period.2. When referee stops the playing.3. When referee resumes the playing. In 25, authors found out that the whistle sound that comes from the referee during the game has a very high frequency and strong spectrum that people can distinct from any other sounds. Also, they found out the range of the whistle sound where it is between the ranges of 3500-4500. In 21, the second type of detection is excitement detection where authors indicated eight candidates that represent the excitement in any games as follow1. The loudness of the mob and the commentator.2. When the commentator has a high pitch rate. 3. When the commentator has less pauses which means he becomes more talkative. The framework of the excitement detection is illustrated in 24. We can see that in The last type of detection is text display detection where authors proposed a technique in order to achieve the requirement. In 26, authors used the gradient of color image to calculate the complex-values from edge orientation image which is defined to map all edge orientation between 0 and 90 tip and thus accrediting horizontal, diagonal and vertical lines. Also in 27, authors localized character regions by extracting strong s public treasury edges and pixels with a stable intensity for two seconds. However, in 21, authors proposed that ac cording to the method which works with 99% of different cases, the horizontal text is the only one that has been used among all different type of sport. In 25, the illustration of using a horizontal text is shown. The team players names is displayed in 25.a and the score line for the match is displayed in 25.b. Also, In 25.c, the players substitution name is shown. The static text is displayed of the whole game is shown in 25.c. In 21, authors proposed prediction method for the text to be displayed in the video and it is illustrated in 26. However, it is not the only hap for the text to be displayed, there are more events that cannot be detected. In 28, authors have presented a framework for a sport video summarization based on text semantic annotation. A lot of video summarization techniques that are based on sports video have been questioned 29, 30. In other words, these kinds of techniques are depending on low level characteristics. But semantic level events were generally infe rred if special sequences of production level events occur 31.In 28, authors have indicated three distinguish key characteristics to support their framework as follow1. The framework is not fixed for one type of sport and it can be modified to suit other sport.2. Analysing the text does not ensure text webcasts which is well built.3. According to the time and the score, events can have different importance.In 32, authors have proposed a technique for sports video summarization based on audio pitch, and energy in order to recognize the excitement of the games. However, in 28, authors presented a framework that can detect events according to play-by-play text webcasts and logic-based technique. There are five models that are connected to the center of attention of this framework system architecture as shown in 27. The first model of this framework is the Graphical User Interface which makes it easy for the user to connect with the centre. The second model is web parser which is in co ntrol for analysing HTML and creates plain text, and then it sends it to the third model. The third model is text analyzer which is responsible to detect the semantic events form the plain text as shown in 28. The fourth model is video processing which takes the data whether it is video or audio and retrieves their keyframes. The last model is logic engine which is responsible to choose the important events and put them in list to be ready for summarize. In 33, author proposed a system in which can detect the event and the text from the HTML parser as shown in 29. 5. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR SURVEILLANCE VIDOES. In 34, there are two reasons for people to use video surveillance. The first reason is that it serves to detect events online and alive. The second reason is that people can use it offline and can analysis the video and retrieve any data they want. So for people to go through the total video is kind of boring and waste of the time. For example, if there is a crime happens then the operator needs to spend too much time aftermath the entire video to get all the important scenes. As a result, authors proposed a summarization technique for surveillance videos. This technique is based on skimming the video and they call it adaptive video skimming. The scheme of this adaptive summarization is illustrated in 30. The general structure of this adaptive summarization scheme is illustrated in 34, optical flow estimation is a very important factor that contributes in the adaptive summarization technique. Among consecutive video frames, optical flow estimation in the same pattern calculates the dislocations of pixels 35, 36. In 37, authors have proposed a technique for video surveillance that is based on recognition and clustering method in order to create static and dynamic summary. This technique is different than the one proposed in 34 because this technique tries to gather between video skimming and the keyframes that arranged in a cluster in order to achieve faster browsing of the entire video. In 38, there are two different styles for video surveillance summarization technique that have been explained. The first style is doing a summarization services over home network. The second style is doing a summarization services over the internet. In 39, authors have proposed a technique for surveillance video summarization that is based on viewing optimization time, skip framing, and bit rate limitation. In 37, authors developed their algorithm according to a still surveillance video camera that is fixed in one point and never moves. Also, the detection of event has three steps where we can combine them to two main stages. The first stage is that for each frame, the frame different and its energy are measured. The second stage is that the reference frame is refreshed after showing the frames event is found. Also, the three steps for the algorithms are as follow1- Difference frame calculation.2- The energy of the going away f rame calculation.3- Frames selecting based on threshold.in 32, the deference estimation for frame energy is illustrated. In 37, the overview process of event detection and summarization is illustrated in 33. The first row of this (I) is representing a set of frames of the video before the summarization. The second row (II) is representing the interesting events that come from (I) after the analysis. The third row (III) is representing a set of frames in a different set of events. The fourth row (IV) is representing the clusters of keyframes. The last row (V) is representing the final summary after the clustering. In 40, authors have proposed a technique called OVISS (Omnidirectional Video Visualization and Summarization) where it visualizes the contents of video surveillance and creating a summary. There are three features for this proposed system. The first one, video and audio can be analyzed together to detect events. The second feature, the index of temporal-spatio based on ev ent. The third feature, by realizing the temporal and spatial relations with event, it makes the visualization for at-a-glance very easy. The last feature, video summarization is not limited to one area or one event. The OVISS system can be divided to many processing models as follow1. Sensing.2. The analysis of the video.3. The transformation of an image.4. The models of visualization and summarization. In 34, we can see the real environment that authors deal with. There are four doors to enter and exit. Also, the OVS signal in the center of the room and there are four areas in this room and they have the same size. In 35, the connection between these four areas according to omnidirectional is illustrated. In 40, there are four types of events, such as, In, move, stay, and out and the explanation for them is as follow1- In is representing the time of the object when it show up till the time it closes the door.2- Move is representing the time of the object when it is moving in the area.3- Stay is representing the time of the object when it is staying at the same key.4- Out is representing the time of the object when it is opens the door till the time it gone. In 36, we can see the diagram of the event transition. Also, we can see that authors have added new type of event but actually it is only the initial state before even the event started in the area. In 40, the interface of OVISS is illustrated in 37. We can see the time line and the map of spatial in the top. Also, the sequence of the image is displayed down the system interface. 6. VIDEO SUMMARIZATION TECHNIQUES USED FOR VIDEO-TAPED PRESENTATIONS.Videos have been increased recently whether at home such as personal video or work and such as meeting and presentation. As a result, researchers are trying to find some techniques that allowed them to summarize these kinds of videos. In section 4, meeting summarization techniques is already described but now we need to talk about summarizing the meeting video s. In 41, there are two types of analyzing the structure and the content of the video. Detection the keyframes and scene breaks are considering the major focus that attracted researchers 42, 43, 44.In 41, authors proposed a method to summarize the video-taped presentation to constrict the video sequences and the place that they are planning to do their experiments. They want to focus the camera in one location. The camera maybe zooms in or out it depends in the situation. In 38, the sample of web-based interface for video browsing is illustrated 45. The one that does not have any related semantic explanation is called Nuisance change as it illustrated in 39. For example, when the presenter tries to move one of the slides by using his/her hands or his/her body. However, in 41, authors do not want to include Nuisance changes to their technique or the analysis. The other type does have seman

Antigones Fate Essay -- Character Analysis Sophocles

Sophocles play titled Antigone, embellishes the opposing conflicts between Antigone who stands for the values of family, and Creon who stands for the values of dry land. Sophocles explores the depths of Antigones righteousness and the duty based on consequence throughout the play, as well as the practical consequences of Creon who is passionate and close-minded. Although Antigones moral decisions appear to be more logical and favorable than Creons, a personal argument would be that both characters decisions in society can be equally justified.In the play, Sophocles examines the nature of Antigone and Creon who gull two different views about life, and use those views a stimulatest one another. Antigone who is depicted as the hero represents the value of family. According to Richard Braun, translator of Sophocles Antigone, Antigones public heroism is domestically motivated never does Antigone give a political explanation of her deed on the contrary, from the start Antigone assu mes it is her hereditary duty to bury Polynices, and it is from inherited courage that Antigone expects to gain the strength required for the task (8). Essentially, it is Antigones strong perception of family values that drive the instinct to disobey Creons orders and to impartingly challenge the Kings authority to dictate her role in society. In addition, Antigone is a strong believer in the divine laws of the gods and that by following those laws the gods will give Antigone an proficient place in the afterlife. In a quote by Antigone to Ismene, I will bury him myself. And even if I die in the act, that death will be a gloryI have longer to please the dead than please the living here (Sophocles, 1468). It is this unyielding belief that pushe... ...es of family becomes disobedient against state laws posed by Creon, the king of Thebes, acknowledging that the deeds are moral and are seen by the gods as honorable. In the case for Creon, the character believed in the laws made b y mortals, not the divine gods. Although Creon was the champion of upholding the state law, the tragic ending that occurred left Creon without anything else but the power of the throne. Works CitedBraun Emil Richard. Introduction. Sophocles Antigone. 7th ed. New York Oxford UP,1974. 8. Print.Peters, Julia. A theory Of Tragic Experience According To Hegel. European Journal Of Philosophy 19.1 (2011) 85-106. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 May 2012.Sophocles. Antigone. The Bedford Introduction to Literature Reading, Thinking,Writing. 9th ed. Boston, MA Bedford / St. Martins, 2011. 1279-280. Print.

Abraham Lincoln as the Greatest President Essay -- Lincoln President U

Abraham capital of Nebraska is regarded by many Americans as the greatest president to ever hold office in the history of the United States, and his reputation is unquestionably well deserved. capital of Nebraska wasnt scared to stand up and fight for what he knew was right. He was convinced that within the branches of government, the presidency alone was empowered not merely to uphold the Constitution, but overly to protect, and defend it. capital of Nebraska was able to lead our country and preserve the Union, keeping the United States from splintering during the devastating times of the well-mannered War. As President, he built the Republican Party into a strong national organization, and he rallied most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. On January 1, 1863, he issued the freedom Proclamation that changed the war into a battle for freedom and declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy. That November, Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address, which stated how a country moldiness be dedicated to human freedom in order to survive. He dedicated the battlefield to the soldiers who had perished, and called on the living to finish the task the dead soldiers had begun. (Donald, 1995) Lincoln believed that democracy could be a lasting form of government. He showed a nobility of character that had worldwide appeal, and he was a man of great integrity. However, Lincoln was not only the 16th president of the United States, he was an American hero. Lincoln was a well-rounded individual and he had numerous outstanding qualities. However, it is classical to remember that Lincoln also led a private spiritedness, complete with close friends and family. Lincoln was born into a poor household on February 12, 1809... ... crossways the world. But to those who knew him, he was more then just a president. In addition to being a man who made revolutionary changes to our nation, he wa s also a devoted husband and father to his four sons. Despite his intimidating 64 figure, he was a kind, warm-hearted man, who actually cared about the common people. His family and friends had a substantial shape on him and they played an extremely important role in his life. They supported him in whatever he set his mind to and they kept him sane when he felt like he was about ready to breakdown during difficult times. There is more to Lincoln than most people could ever imagine, and his personal life could never be complete without his family. Lincoln had a very intimate relationship with his wife Mary Todd, and he showed endless love and affection to his children. Abraham Lincoln was a true family man.